Ihame ryo gushyira diyama mu rubura kugira ngo hongerwe ubushobozi bw'aho ipaki ishyirwa

1. Gukora diyama itwikiriwe na karubide

Ihame ryo kuvanga ifu y'icyuma na diyama, gushyushya kugeza ku bushyuhe buhamye no gushyushya mu gihe runaka munsi y'umwuka. Kuri ubu bushyuhe, umuvuduko w'umwuka w'icyuma urahagije kugira ngo upfuke, kandi muri icyo gihe, icyuma gishyirwa ku buso bwa diyama kugira ngo kibe diyama ipfutse.

2. Guhitamo ibyuma bitwikiriwe

Kugira ngo diyama ikomeze kandi yiringire, kandi kugira ngo humve neza ingaruka z’imiterere y’imvange ku mbaraga zo gusiga, icyuma gisiga kigomba gutoranywa. Tuzi ko diyama ari alloomorphism ya C, kandi lattice yayo ikaba ari tetrahedron isanzwe, bityo ihame ryo gusiga imiterere y’icyuma ni uko icyuma gifite ubufatanye bwiza na karuboni. Muri ubu buryo, mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, imikoranire ya shimi ibaho aho ihurira, igakora ihuriro rikomeye rya shimi, maze hagakorwa membrane ya Me-C. Inyigisho yo kwinjira no gufatana muri sisitemu ya diyama-metal igaragaza ko imikoranire ya shimi iba gusa iyo gufatana bikora AW> 0 kandi bikagera ku gaciro runaka. Ibintu by’icyuma bigufi bya group B muri tableau periodic, nka Cu, Sn, Ag, Zn, Ge, nibindi bifite ubufatanye buke kuri C n’imikorere yo gufatana hasi, kandi imikoranire yakozwe ni imikoranire ya molekile idakomeye kandi idakwiye gutoranywa; Ibyuma bihindura imiterere biri mu mbonerahamwe ndende y’igihe, nka Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, nibindi, bikora akazi gakomeye ko gufatana na sisitemu ya C. Ingufu z’imikoranire ya C n’ibyuma bihindura imiterere ziyongera uko umubare wa electron za d, bityo Ti na Cr birakwiriye cyane mu gutwikira ibyuma.

3. Igerageza ry'itara

Ku bushyuhe bwa 8500C, diyama ntishobora kugera ku ngufu z’atome za karuboni zikora ku buso bwa diyama n’ifu y’icyuma kugira ngo ikore karuboni y’icyuma, kandi nibura 9000C kugira ngo igere ku ngufu zikenewe kugira ngo habeho karuboni y’icyuma. Ariko, niba ubushyuhe buri hejuru cyane, bizatera igihombo cyo gutwika ubushyuhe kuri diyama. Ukurikije ingaruka z’ikosa ryo gupima ubushyuhe n’ibindi bintu, ubushyuhe bwo gupima irangi bushyirwa kuri 9500C. Nkuko bigaragara ku isano iri hagati y’igihe cyo gukingira n’umuvuduko w’ikirahure (hasi),? Nyuma yo kugera ku ngufu z’ikirahure cyo gusohora karuboni y’icyuma, ikirahure kigenda vuba, kandi uko karuboni ikorwa, umuvuduko w’ikirahure uzagenda ugabanuka buhoro buhoro. Nta gushidikanya ko uko igihe cyo gukingira cyakongerwa, ubucucike n’ubwiza bw’urwego bizarushaho kwiyongera, ariko nyuma y’iminota 60, ubwiza bw’urwego ntibwibasirwa cyane, bityo dushyiraho igihe cyo gukingira nk’isaha 1; uko umwotsi uba mwinshi, ni ko birushaho kuba byiza, ariko bigabanutse ku miterere y’ikizamini, muri rusange dukoresha 10-3mmHg.

Ihame ryo kongera ubushobozi bwo gushyira mu mapaki

Ibisubizo by'igerageza bigaragaza ko umubiri w'umwana uri mu nda ukomeye kurusha diyama itwikiriwe kurusha diyama idatwikiriwe. Impamvu ituma umubiri w'umwana uri mu nda ubasha gushyiramo diyama itwikiriwe ni uko, ku giti cye, hari inenge zo hejuru n'imiturire mito ku buso cyangwa imbere muri diyama iyo ari yo yose idatwikiriwe. Bitewe n'uko hari utu turemangingo duto, imbaraga za diyama zigabanuka, ku rundi ruhande, igice cya C cya diyama ntigikunze gukorana n'ibice by'umubiri w'umwana uri mu nda. Kubwibyo, umubiri w'ipine ya diyama idatwikiriwe ni ipaki yo gusohora diyama gusa, kandi ubwo bwoko bw'ipaki iba ifite intege nke cyane. Iyo umutwaro umaze kwiyongera, imiturire mito yavuzwe haruguru izatuma ubwinshi bw'imihangayiko bugabanuka, bigatuma ubushobozi bwo gushyiramo diyama bugabanuka. Ikibazo cya diyama iremereye cyane kiratandukanye, bitewe no gupfunyika kw'icyuma, inenge za diyama n'imiturire mito byuzuzwa, ku ruhande rumwe, imbaraga za diyama itwikiriwe ziyongera, ku rundi ruhande, zuzuyemo imiturire mito, nta kintu kizongera kubaho cyo gushyiramo stress. Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, kwinjira kw'icyuma gifatanye mu mubiri w'ipine bihinduka karuboni ku buso bwa diyama. Kwinjira kw'ibintu bivanze. Ingaruka ni uko icyuma gifatanye ku nguni yo kunywesha diyama kuva kuri dogere zirenga 100 kugeza munsi ya dogere 500, byanogeje cyane icyuma gifatanye mu kunywesha diyama, bigatuma umubiri w'ipine w'agapaki k'ipaki ka diyama gashyirwa mu gapaki k'imashini kavamo umwimerere, ari byo icyuma gifatanye n'umubiri w'ipine, bityo bikarushaho kunoza umubiri w'umwana uri mu nda.

Ubushobozi bwo gushyira mu ipaki. Muri icyo gihe, twemera ko hari ibindi bintu nk'ibipimo byo gushonga, ingano y'uduce twa diyama twasizwe, urwego, ingano y'uduce tw'umubiri w'umwana uri mu nda n'ibindi bigira ingaruka ku mbaraga zo gushyira mu ipaki. Igitutu gikwiye cyo gushonga gishobora kongera ubucucike bw'umubyimba no kunoza ubukana bw'umubiri w'umwana uri mu nda. Ubushyuhe bukwiye bwo gushonga n'igihe cyo gukingira bishobora guteza imbere imikorere y'ibinyabutabire ku bushyuhe bwinshi bw'umubiri w'ipine n'icyuma na diyama byasizwe, bityo ipaki y'imigozi ihamye, urwego rwa diyama rube rwiza, imiterere ya kristu isa, urwego risa rushobora gushonga, kandi ipaki ikagira akamaro kurushaho.

Amagambo yavuye muri Liu Xiaohui