Uko inganda zikora ibintu bihinduka mu buryo bworoshye, iterambere ryihuse mu bijyanye n'ingufu zisukuye n'inganda zikora ibikoresho bya semiconductor na photovoltaic, hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo gutunganya ibikoresho bya diyama neza kandi neza, ariko ifu ya diyama y'ubukorano nk'ibikoresho fatizo by'ingenzi, akarere ka diyama n'imbaraga zo kuyifata ntabwo bikomeye, igihe cyoroshye cyo gukoresha ibikoresho bya karuboni mu ntangiriro ntikirare. Kugira ngo ibyo bibazo bikemuke, muri rusange inganda zikoresha ifu ya diyama mu byuma, kugira ngo zinoze imiterere y'ubuso bwayo, zongere kuramba, kugira ngo zinoze ireme ry'igikoresho muri rusange.
Uburyo bwo gusiga ifu y'ubuso bwa diyama ni bwinshi, harimo gusiga ifu y'imiti, gusiga amashanyarazi, gusiga ifu ya magnetron, gusiga ifu y'umwuka mu buryo bw'umwuka, gusiga ifu ishyushye, n'ibindi, harimo gusiga ifu y'imiti no gusiga ifu hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa kera, gusiga ifu imwe, bishobora kugenzura neza imiterere n'ubugari bw'ifu, ibyiza byo gusiga ifu byahinduwe, byabaye ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa cyane mu nganda ebyiri.
1. gutwikira imiti
Ifu ya diyama ikoreshwa mu gusiga ifu ya diyama yavuwe mu gikoresho cyo gusiga irangi ry’imiti, hanyuma iy’icyuma ikabishyira mu gikoresho cyo gusiga irangi binyuze mu gikorwa cy’umusemburo wo gusiga irangi ry’imiti, bigatuma habaho irangi ry’icyuma rinini. Kuri ubu, irangi rya diyama rikoreshwa cyane ni irangi rya diyama rikoreshwa cyane ni irangi rya diyama rikoreshwa mu gusiga irangi rya phosphore (Ni-P) binary alloy ikunze kwitwa irangi rya diyama rikoreshwa mu gusiga irangi rya diyama.
01 Ibigize umuti wo gupfuka nikeli mu buryo bwa shimi
Imiterere y'umuti wo gupfuka imiti ifite ingaruka zikomeye ku iterambere ryiza, ituze n'ubwiza bw'uburyo ukoresha imiti. Akenshi uba urimo umunyu w'ingenzi, ikintu gigabanya ubukana, ikintu kiwutera imbaraga, ikintu gitera imbaraga, ikintu gitera imbaraga, ikintu gitera imbaraga, ikintu gitera imbaraga, ikintu gitera imbaraga, ikintu gitera imbaraga, ikintu gitera imbaraga, ikintu gitera imbaraga, ikintu gitera imbaraga, ikintu gitera imbaraga, ikintu gitera imbaraga n'ibindi bice. Igipimo cya buri gice kigomba guhindurwa neza kugira ngo haboneke ingaruka nziza zo gupfuka.
1, umunyu nyamukuru: ubusanzwe nikeli sulfate, nikeli chloride, nikeli amino sulfonic aside, nikeli karubone, nibindi, uruhare rwayo nyamukuru ni ugutanga isoko ya nikeli.
2. Umusemburo ugabanya ubushyuhe: utanga cyane cyane atome ya hydrogen, ugabanya Ni2 + mu gisubizo cyo gushyiramo Ni hanyuma ukayishyira ku buso bw'uduce twa diyama, ari na cyo gice cy'ingenzi mu gisubizo cyo gushyiramo. Mu nganda, fosifate ya sodium ifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya cyane, ihendutse kandi ihamye neza yo gushyiramo ni yo ikoreshwa cyane nk'umusemburo ugabanya ubushyuhe. Sisitemu yo kugabanya ubushyuhe ishobora kugera ku gisubizo cya shimi ku bushyuhe buke n'ubushyuhe bwinshi.
3, ikintu kigize imiterere igoye: umuti wo gusiga ushobora gutuma imvura igwa, wongera ubushobozi bwo gusiga neza, wongera igihe cyo gukoresha umuti wo gusiga, wongera umuvuduko wo gushyiramo nikeli, wongera ubwiza bw'urwego rwo gusiga, muri rusange ukoresha aside succine, aside citric, aside lactic n'izindi aside organic hamwe n'imyunyu yazo.
4. Ibindi bice: ifatabuguzi rishobora kubuza ibora ry'umuti wo gupfuka, ariko kubera ko bigira ingaruka ku kuba hari uburyo bwo gupfuka ibyuma, bisaba gukoreshwa mu rugero ruciriritse; ifatabuguzi rishobora gukora H + mu gihe cyo gupfuka ibyuma bya nickel kugira ngo pH ikomeze kuba nziza; surfactant ishobora kugabanya porosity yo gupfuka.
02 Uburyo bwo gushyira nikeli mu cyuma
Gushyiramo imiti mu buryo bwa sodium hypophosphate bisaba ko matrix igomba kugira imikorere runaka ya catalytic, kandi ubuso bwa diyama ubwabwo ntibugire aho bushyira imiti, bityo bugomba gusukurwa mbere yo gushyiramo imiti ifu ya diyama. Uburyo gakondo bwo gutunganya imiti ni ugukuraho amavuta, kuyavangavanga, kuyashyiramo imbaraga no kuyakoresha.
(1) Gukuraho amavuta, kuyasya: Gukuraho amavuta ahanini ni ugukuraho amavuta, ibizinga n'ibindi bihumanya ikirere ku buso bw'ifu ya diyama, kugira ngo habeho kwegerana no gukora neza kw'igitambaro gikurikiraho. Gusya bishobora gukora utwobo duto n'imiturire ku buso bwa diyama, kongera ubukana bw'ubuso bwa diyama, ibyo bikaba bidafasha gusa kwinjira kwa iyoni z'icyuma muri ako gace, byoroshya ishyirwa ryazo rya shimi n'ishyirwa ryazo rya electroplating, ahubwo binatera intambwe ku buso bwa diyama, bigatanga imiterere myiza yo gukura kwa shimi cyangwa urwego rwo gushyiramo icyuma rwa electroplating.
Ubusanzwe, intambwe yo gukuraho amavuta ikunze gufata NaOH n'indi solution ya alkaline nk'umuti wo gukuraho amavuta, kandi ku ntambwe yo gukuraho amavuta, aside nitrike n'indi solution ya aside bikoreshwa nk'umuti wa chemical ukomoka ku bimera kugira ngo ucukure ubuso bwa diyama. Byongeye kandi, izi sano ebyiri zigomba gukoreshwa n'imashini isukura hakoreshejwe ultrasound, ibyo bikaba ingirakamaro mu kunoza imikorere yo gukuraho amavuta y'ifu ya diyama no kuyacukura, bikagabanya igihe cyo gukuraho amavuta no kuyacukura, kandi bigatuma habaho ingaruka zo gukuraho amavuta no kuvuga nabi.
(2) Gukangura no gukora: inzira yo gukangura no gukora ni intambwe y'ingenzi cyane mu gikorwa cyose cyo gukangura imiti, bifitanye isano itaziguye no kumenya niba gukangura imiti bishobora gukorwa. Gukangura ni ugukangura ibintu byoroshye gukangura ku buso bw'ifu ya diyama idafite ubushobozi bwo kwikora. Gukangura ni ugukangura aside hypophosphoric na iyoni z'icyuma zikora catalytically (nka palladium y'icyuma) ku kugabanuka kw'uduce twa nikeli, kugira ngo byihutishe umuvuduko wo gushyiramo irangi ku buso bw'ifu ya diyama.
Muri rusange, igihe cyo kuvura no gukora ku buryo bunoze ni gito cyane, imiterere y'ingingo za palladium ku buso bwa diyama ni mike, uburyo irangi ritoroshye, urwego rw'imvange rworoshye kugwa cyangwa bigoye gukora imvange yuzuye, kandi igihe cyo kuyivura ni kirekire cyane, bizatuma imvange ya palladium ipfa ubusa, bityo rero, igihe cyiza cyo kuvura no gukora ku buryo bunoze ni iminota 20 kugeza kuri 30.
(3) Gushyiramo nikeli mu buryo bwa shimi: uburyo bwo gushyiramo nikeli mu buryo bwa shimi ntibugira ingaruka gusa ku miterere y’umuti wo gusiga, ahubwo bunagira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bw’umuti wo gusigamo n’agaciro ka PH. Uburyo bwo gushyiramo nikeli mu buryo bwa shimi busanzwe bukoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi, ubushyuhe rusange buzaba buri kuri 80 ~ 85℃, burenga 85℃ byoroshye gutuma umuti wo gusigamo uhinduka, kandi ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya 85℃, niko umuvuduko w’inyigo wihuta. Ku gaciro ka PH, uko pH yiyongera igipimo cyo gushyiramo irangi kizamuka, ariko pH nayo izatera imiterere y’umunyu wa nikeli kugabanya igipimo cy’inyigo, bityo mu gihe cyo gushyiramo nikeli mu buryo bwa shimi hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kunoza imiterere n’igipimo cy’umuti wo gusigamo, imiterere y’uburyo bwo gushyiramo irangi mu buryo bwa shimi, kugenzura igipimo cyo gushyiramo irangi mu buryo bwa shimi, ubucucike bwo gusigamo irangi, kurwanya ingese, uburyo bwo gushyiramo irangi, ifu ya diyama kugira ngo ihuze n’ibikenewe mu iterambere ry’inganda.
Byongeye kandi, irangi rimwe rishobora kutagera ku bugari bukwiye bw'irangi, kandi hashobora kubaho uduheri, imyobo n'ibindi bidafite ubuziranenge, bityo hashobora gufatwa irangi rinini kugira ngo irangi rirusheho kuba ryiza kandi ryongere ikwirakwira ry'ifu ya diyama itwikiriwe.
2. gukoresha amashanyarazi ya nikeli
Bitewe n’uko fosifore iri mu gipfundikizo nyuma yo gupfundikirwa nikeli ya diyama, bituma amashanyarazi adakora neza, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku buryo diyama ikoresha (uburyo bwo gufunga uduce twa diyama ku buso bwa matrix), bityo urwego rwo gupfundikirwa rudafite fosifore rushobora gukoreshwa mu gupfundikirwa nikeli. Igikorwa cyihariye ni ugushyira ifu ya diyama mu gipfundikizo kirimo iyoni za nikeli, uduce twa diyama tugahura na electrode ya power negative muri cathode, icyuma cya nikeli cyinjijwe mu gipfundikizo maze kigahuzwa na electrode ya power positive kugira ngo kibe anode, binyuze mu gikorwa cya electrolytic, iyoni za nikeli zigenga mu gipfundikizo cyo gupfundikirwa zigabanuka zikaba atome ku buso bwa diyama, maze atome zigakura zigahinduka igipfundikizo.
01 Imiterere y'umuti wo gupfuka
Kimwe n'umuti wo gupfuka ibintu mu buryo bwa shimi, umuti wo gupfuka ibintu mu buryo bwa electroplating utanga cyane cyane iyoni z'icyuma zikenewe mu buryo bwa electroplating, kandi ukagenzura uburyo bwo gushyira nikeli mu buryo bwa feri kugira ngo ubone irangi ry'icyuma rikenewe. Ibice byawo by'ingenzi birimo umunyu w'ingenzi, igikoresho kidakora cya anode, igikoresho kidakora ibintu, inyongeramusaruro n'ibindi.
(1) Umunyu w’ingenzi: ahanini hakoreshejwe nickel sulfate, nickel amino sulfonate, nibindi. Muri rusange, uko umunyu w’ingenzi uba mwinshi, niko ikwirakwira ryihuse mu gikoresho cyo gupfuka, niko imikorere y’amashanyarazi iba myinshi, igipimo cyo gushyiramo ibyuma, ariko uduce two gupfuka tuzaba twinshi, kandi kugabanuka k’umunyu w’ingenzi, imikorere y’igikoresho irushaho kuba mibi, kandi bikagorana kubigenzura.
(2) Umuti ukora anode: kubera ko anode yoroshye kuyihindura, yoroshye kuyihindura nabi, bigira ingaruka ku buryo umuriro ukwirakwira, bityo ni ngombwa kongeramo nikeli chloride, sodium chloride n'ibindi bintu nk'umuti ukora anode kugira ngo wongere imbaraga zo kuyihindura anode, wongere ubucucike bw'umuti ukora anode.
(3) Umuti ukoreshwa mu gufunga: kimwe n'umuti ukoreshwa mu gufunga ibinyabutabire, umuti ukoreshwa mu gufunga ibinyabutabire ushobora kugumana ubusugire bw'umuti ukoreshwa mu gufunga ibinyabutabire na pH ya cathode, ku buryo ushobora guhinduka mu rugero rwemewe rw'uburyo bwo gufunga ibinyabutabire. Umuti ukoreshwa mu gufunga ibinyabutabire usanzwe ufite aside boric, aside asetiki, sodium bicarbonate n'ibindi.
(4) Izindi nyongeramusaruro: ukurikije ibisabwa ku gipfundikizo, ongeramo ingano ikwiye y'ibintu bitanga urumuri, ibintu bitanga ubuziranenge, ibintu bitanga ubuziranenge n'ibindi bintu bitanga ubuziranenge n'ibindi kugira ngo wongere ubwiza bw'igipfundikizo.
02 Umuvuduko wa nikeli wa diyama ukozwe mu buryo bwa elegitoroniki
1. Gutunganya mbere yo gusiga: diyama akenshi ntabwo ikoresha amashanyarazi, kandi igomba gusigwa n'urwego rw'icyuma binyuze mu zindi nzira zo gusiga. Uburyo bwo gusiga imiti bukunze gukoreshwa mu gusiga urwego rw'icyuma no kubyibuha, bityo ubwiza bw'igishishwa cya shimi buzagira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'urwego rwo gusiga ku rugero runaka. Muri rusange, ingano ya phosphore mu gishishwa nyuma yo gusiga imiti igira ingaruka zikomeye ku bwiza bw'igishishwa, kandi igishishwa cya phosphore kinini gifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese neza mu bidukikije birimo aside, ubuso bwo gusiga bufite ububyimba bwinshi, ubuso bunini kandi nta mbaraga za rukuruzi; igishishwa cya phosphore giciriritse gifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese no kudashira; igishishwa cya phosphore gito gifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara neza.
Byongeye kandi, uko agace gato k'ifu ya diyama kaba gato, ni ko ubuso bwihariye burushaho kuba bunini, iyo irangi ripfundikiye, byoroshye kureremba mu gikoresho cyo gupfundikira, bizatera gusohora amazi, gupfundikira, gupfundikira, gupfundikira ibintu biremereye, mbere yo gupfundikira, hakenewe kugenzura ingano ya P n'ubwiza bw'ipfundikizo, kugenzura imikorere n'ubucucike bw'ifu ya diyama kugira ngo ifu yoroshye kureremba irusheho kuba nziza.
2, gushushanya nikeli: muri iki gihe, gushushanya ifu ya diyama akenshi bikoresha uburyo bwo gushushanya, ni ukuvuga ko ingano ikwiye y'umuti wo gushushanya diyama wongerwa mu icupa, ingano runaka y'ifu ya diyama y'ubukorano mu gisubizo cyo gushushanya diyama, binyuze mu kuzunguruka kw'icupa, bigatwara ifu ya diyama mu icupa kugira ngo izunguruke. Muri icyo gihe, electrode nziza ihuzwa na nikeli, kandi electrode mbi ihuzwa n'ifu ya diyama y'ubukorano. Mu gihe cy'imikorere y'amashanyarazi, iyoni za nikeli zidafite mu gisubizo cyo gushushanya zivamo nikeli y'icyuma ku buso bw'ifu ya diyama y'ubukorano. Ariko, ubu buryo bufite ibibazo byo kudakora neza no gushushanya ku buryo butaringaniye, bityo uburyo bwo gushushanya diyama buzunguruka bwarabayeho.
Uburyo bwa electrode izunguruka ni ukuzunguruka cathode mu ifu ya diyama. Ubu buryo bushobora kongera ubuso bw'aho electrode n'uduce twa diyama bihurira, kongera imikorere y'uduce duto hagati y'uduce, kunoza uburyo bwo gusiga irangi budahuye, no kunoza imikorere ya plastike ya diyama nikeli.
incamake ngufi
Nk’ibikoresho by’ingenzi by’ibikoresho bya diyama, guhindura ubuso bwa micropowder ya diyama ni uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo kongera imbaraga zo kugenzura matrix no kunoza ubuzima bw’ibikoresho. Kugira ngo hongerwe umusenyi wo gutwara ibikoresho bya diyama, ubusanzwe urwego rwa nikeli na fosifore rushobora gushyirwa ku buso bwa micropowder ya diyama kugira ngo rugire ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu runaka, hanyuma rugakonjesha urwego rwo gupfuka hakoreshejwe nikeli, kandi rwongere ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu. Ariko, ni ngombwa kumenya ko ubuso bwa diyama ubwabwo budafite ikigo gifasha gukamura ibintu, bityo bugomba kuvurwa mbere yo gupfuka imiti.
inyandiko z'ifatizo:
Liu Han. Inyigo ku ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga hejuru n'ubwiza bw'ifu nto ya diyama y'ubukorano [D]. Ikigo cy'ikoranabuhanga cya Zhongyuan.
Yang Biao, Yang Jun, na Yuan Guangsheng. Inyigo ku gikorwa cyo gutunganya mbere yo gusiga diyama hejuru [J]. Gupima ikirere mu buryo busanzwe.
Li Jinghua. Ubushakashatsi ku guhindura ubuso no gukoresha ifu y'ubukorano ya diyama ikoreshwa mu gukata insinga [D]. Ikigo cy'ikoranabuhanga cya Zhongyuan.
Fang Lili, Zheng Lian, Wu Yanfei, n'abandi. Uburyo bwo gusiga nikeli ku buso bwa diyama y'ubukorano [J]. Ikinyamakuru cya IOL.
Iyi nkuru yongeye gusohoka mu rubuga rw'ibikoresho bikomeye
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Werurwe-13-2025
